The Transformation of the U.S. Senate

99th Congress activists amending activity average become behavior budget chair chairman chairmanships chamber civil rights cloture committee assignments committee leaders committee members Congressional Quarterly Congressional Quarterly Weekly conservative coalition score contemporary Senate distribution Dole drug extended debate filibuster freshmen generalists goals highly hot issue Howard Metzenbaum ideological impact increased influence institution involvement issue areas junior large numbers legislative activism less liberals Lowell Weicker Majority Leader measures ment mittee nonmembers northern Democrats number of amendments number of issues offered amendments Orrin Hatch participation party payoff percent policy process political pressure prestige committee programs public arenas Quarterly Weekly Report range of issues ranking minority member reelection reform Republican result Robert Byrd Robert Packwood roll call vote Sam Nunn Senate decision Senate floor Senate membership Senate rules Senate's senator's senior members senior senators southern sponsored staff staffer subcommittee leadership positions television Tom Harkin U.S. Congress valued committee positions Washington policy community