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Charter of incorporation. Political developments. Organization of the colony
under it. On the Restoration of Charles II. Relations of Rhode Island with the
other New England colonies. Negotiation for a charter from the crown. Com-
mission therefor. Petitions and negotiation. Policy of the general court; their
allegiance to the commonwealth; to Richard Cromwell; to Parliament. Action
upon the restoration. Allegiance to the crown. Character of the charter prayed
for. The experiment in Rhode Island. The charter procured. Its political ele-
ments. How received in the colony. The true value of colonial charters. Relig-
ious freedom in Rhode Island. Charges of persecution against considered. Tri-
umph of Protestantism in England. Condition and relations of the New England
colonies from this period. Conclusion of Part II.
PAGE 197.

PART III. THE GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIES,
FROM THE ACCESSION OF WILLIAM AND MARY TO THE DECLARATION OF THEIR
INDEPENDENCE.

New York. New Jersey. Penn-
Georgia. New Hampshire. Their
Religion, intercourse, and relations

Origin and designation of the several colonies.
sylvania. Delaware. Maryland. The Carolinas.
organic differences. Their organic similitudes.
with each other. Relations and allegiance to England at the close of the French
War. The Peace of 1763. Colonial policy of England. Origin and causes of the
Revolution. The revenue system of taxation. How regarded in America. Its
enforcement under the Stamp Act. Its reception in the Colonies. Opinion of
Washington upon. A general Colonial Union recommended. The Colonial Con-
gress in New York, 1765. Its proceedings. Declaration of Rights by. Publica-
tion of its proceedings. Colonial and popular demonstrations against the Stamp
Act. Examination of Dr. Franklin in the House of Commons. Speech of Mr.
Pitt upon American taxation. Repeal of the Stamp Act. News of how received
in America. Opinion of Washington upon. The Declaratory Act. Its effect in
America. Complications of the Ministry.
The commercial system of taxation.
Duties on commercial importations, 1767. Opposition to in America. New mode

of enforcing submission. A voice from Virginia. Circular letter of Mass. Bay to
the colonies on public affairs. Opinion of Washington on the times and measures
of resistance. Of George Mason. Non-Importation Association of the colonies.
Lord Hillsborough's Circular Letter to the colonies. Its effect in America. Repeal
of the Duty Act. Reserved duty upon tea. Junius on the measures of Ministry.
Sir Edmund Burke do. Effect of the Repeal in America. The tea duty. Act of
parliament for its further imposition. East India Company's shipments of tea to
America. How received at Boston. Destruction of the tea. Shipments of the
Co., how received in other ports. General Assembly of Mass. Bay on the tea duty.
Proceedings in parliament. Message of the King. Debate in the House of Com-
mons on the "Boston outrage." Lord North's motion for an address to the King.
Proposes the Boston Port Bill. Debate upon. Passage of the Bill. Other Bills.
Debate upon. Motion to repeal the tea duty, and debate upon. The Quartering
Act. The Quebec Bill, etc. Speech of Lord Chatham in opposition to. General
provisions of these Acts. Their reception in America. A general congress sug-
gested. Opinions of Washington. The colonial congress of 1774. Its organiza-
tion. Resolutions, &c., in reference to Mass. Bay. Letter to General Gage. Dec-
laration of Rights. Measures of redress. Articles of non-importation, non-con-

sumption, and non-exportation, adopted by the congress. Address to the King.

To the people of Great Britain. To the inhabitants of the colonies. To the inhab-

itants of Quebec. Resolution recommending a congress in May, 1775. Letters to

the colonies of St. Johns, etc. To the American agents in London. Capt. Mack-

enzie to Gen. Washington. Washington in reply. John Dickinson to Arthur Lee

on the adjournment of the congress. Posture of affairs in América. In England.

The proceedings of the congress laid before parliament. Reception of the address

to the King. Lord Chatham's motion to recall the troops from Boston. Debate

upon. Lord North moves an address to the King, declaring Mass. Bay in rebellion.

Debate upon. Motion carried. The Address. Protest of the Opposition. The

King's answer to the address of the House. The crisis in American affairs. Con-

flict at Lexington and Concord. The colonial union in the congress at Philadel-

phia, May, 1775. Recognition of protestantism. Resolution recommending a gen-

eral fast. Bill for raising and supporting an army. Formation of the army of

the united colonies. Choice of commander-in-chief. Election of Washington.

His acceptance of the appointment. His commission and instructions. Election

of other officers. The congressional government. Manifesto upon taking up

arms. Object of the colonial union. Petition to the King. Address to the inhab-

itants of Great Britain. Letter to the Lord Mayor of London, etc. To the colo-

nial agents. Articles for a colonial confederation submitted by Dr. Franklin.

Address of the congress to the Assembly of Jamaica. To the people of Ireland.

The compact of union proposed by Dr. Franklin. Plan of Accommodation pro-

posed by parliament to the colonial assemblies. Referred to the congress. Opin-

ion of the congress upon it. Construction of the non-exportation compact. Ad-

journment of the congress. Examination of Governor Richard Penn in the House

of Lords, on presentation of the petition of this congress to the King. Motion

thereupon, and debate. The congress of Sept. 5th, 1775. Resolution of secrecy.

Position of the colonies. Of the congress. Transition period in their govern-

mental history. Independence in the congress. Letter of General Lee to Richard

Henry Lee on independence. Resolutions of independence. The Declaration of

independence. The men of 1776. Conclusion of Part III.
PAGE 365.

PART IV. THE GOVERNMENTAL HISTORY OF THE THIRTEEN ANGLO-AMERICAN

COLONIES FROM THEIR UNION UNDER THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, TO THE

ADOPTION OF THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION.

The Revolutionary Union of the Colonies under the Declaration of Independence.

Protestantism and the Declaration of Independence. Triumphs of Protestantism
in England. In America. Effect of the Declaration of Independence upon the
political condition and relations of the colonies. Necessity of a new government.
Committee appointed to draft a form of confederation between the colonies, June
11, 1776. First report of the committee, July 12th. The proposed plan. Second
report of the committee, August 20th. Adopted by the congress. The proposed
articles of confederation. Reference of, to the states by the congress. Circular
letter of the congress to the colonies upon, Nov. 17th. Copies ordered for the
states. To be translated into the French language. Treaties of alliance, etc.,
with France, Feb. 6th, 1778. Action of the congress upon, May 4th. Effect of.
Committee upon, and form of ratification adopted by the congress. The treaty of
amity and commerce. The treaty of alliance eventual and defensive. Address of
the congress to the inhabitants of the U. S. A., upon public affairs, May, 1778.
Arrival of peace commissioners from England, June 4th. Their reception by the
congress. The theory of government of the united colonies. The colonial union
under the martial manifesto. Colonial or state sovereignty. Action of the states
upon the proposed confederation. The articles of confederation in the congress,
1777-81. Powers of delegates to ratify the same. Reports from the several colo-
nies, June, 1778. Report from Maryland. From New Hampshire. Massachusetts.
Rhode Island. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. Virginia. South Caro-
lina. Georgia. Committee appointed to prepare a form of ratification. Report of
the committee. Adopted June, 1778. Ordered engrossed with the articles of con-
federation. Signing of the same by the delegates of eight of the colonies. Reso-
lution thereupon. Circular letter of the congress to the colonies whose delegates
had not ratified it. Report and ratification by the delegates from Georgia, July,
1778. From North Carolina. Further report by the delegates from New Jersey,
Nov. 1778. Constitutional recognitions of protestantism by the congress. Reso-
lution for a general thanksgiving. Proclamation. Report on the confederation by
the delegates from Delaware, Feb. 1779. Ratification of by. Resolution for a
general fast by the congress. Proclamation. Its political developments. Further
report on the confederation by the delegates from Virginia, May, 1779. Proposes
to ratify with any number of states. Second report by the delegates from Mary-
land, May, 1779. Claims to crown lands. Further report from Connecticut, May,
1779. Proposes to ratify with eleven other states. Second address of the con-
gress to the inhabitants of the U. S. A., on public affairs, May, 1779. The crisis of
the confederation. The compact of independence and the proposed confederation.
Hostility of ministry to the proposed confederation. Circular letter of the con-
gress to their constituents on public affairs, Sept. 13th, 1779. Characteristics of
the statesmen of the revolution. Proclamation for a public thanksgiving by the
congress, Oct. 20th, 1779. Complications of the proposed confederation. Contro-
versy about the crown lands. Public sale of lands advertised by Virginia. Re-
monstrance against in the congress. Action of the congress upon. Report upon,
Oct. 29th, 1779. Controversy between Pennsylvania and Virginia about lands.
Resolution of the congress upon. Mediatory act of New York to accelerate the
federal alliance, Feb. 19th, 1780. Proceedings in the congress upon, Sept. 1780.
Appeal to the states. To Maryland. Effect of the appeal. Third report by the
delegates from Maryland, Feb. 1781. Ratification of the confederation by. Final
ratification by all of the states, March 1st, 1781. Effect of on their independency.
The permanent union under the confederation. American independency in Great
Britain, 1777-82. Debate in the House of Lords upon the war, Nov. 1777. On
the war and the alliance with France, March, 1778. Motion for an address to the
crown advising a withdrawal of the royal forces from America. Debate upon.
Debate closed by the sudden illness of Lord Chatham. Renewal of the debate on
the war, House of Commons, Nov. 1778. The king's address. Motion of thanks
by Mr. Grenville. Debate upon. Opening of parliament, Nov. session, 1781.
The king's address. House of Lords. Earl of Shelburne moves an address of
thanks to the king. The proposed address. Debate upon. Defeat of Lord Corn-
wallis' army. Debate upon in the House of Lords, Feb. 1782. Motion of inquiry
in relation to. Debate upon. The result. General Conway's motion for an ad-
dress to the crown to discontinue the war, House of Commons, Feb. 1782. De-
bate upon. Question on the motion. Renewal of the motion and debate, Feb.
27th. Proposed bill for peace by ministry. Reply of the crown to the address of

the House. Motion of thanks and debate upon. General Conway's proposition for
peace with America. Debate and resolution upon. The attorney-general's bill for
peace, March 5th, 1782. Debate upon. The crisis and the people. Popular cry
for peace. Lord Cavendish's resolutions of censure on the ministry. Debate upon,
March 8th. Sir John Rous' motion against the ministry. Debate upon, March 15th.
Lord North announces the
Change in the ministry an-

Debate upon the removal of the ministry, March 20th.
removal of ministry. Debate thereupon, March 25th.
nounced by Mr. Dunning. Motion deferred. Debate on the removal of the minis-
try, in the House of Lords, March 22d to 25th. Change in the ministry. The new
cabinet. The basis of its construction. Policy of the new administration. Em-
barrassments of. Changes in. The urgent necessity of peace with America con-
ceded. Admission of American independency compelled by the voice of the nation.
Resolved upon July 10th, 1782. Negotiations for peace. Provisionary articles of
peace, Nov. 1782. Preliminary articles between England and France. Between
England and Spain. Ratifications and exchanges. Proceedings in the U. S. A.
Proclamation for a cessation of arms by congress, April, 1783. Washington
invited to an audience with the congress, August, 1783. Address of the president
to Washington. Washington's reply. The definitive treaty of peace between
Great Britain and the U. S. A., Sept. 1783. Termination of the revolution. Proc-
lamation for a public thanksgiving by the congress. Proclamation disbanding the
army, Oct. 18th. Washington surrenders his commission back to congress, Dec.
23d. His address. The president's reply. Ratification of the definitive treaty by
the congress, Jan, 14th, 1784. Proclamation thereupon. Accompanying recom-
mendation to the states. Provision for a federal town. THE COMPACT OF THE CON-
FEDERATION. Defects of. Causes of its inefficiency. Colonial independence and
state sovereignty. Mutual dependence of the colonies. The New England confed-
eration, 1643. Plan for a general union of the colonies in 1754. Mutual depend-
ence of the colonies necessitated their union. The compact of independence.
Necessity of a national sovereignty. Further on the defects of the confederation.
State sovereignty, its source and origin. State sovereignty and the general gov-
ernment. Resolution of New York on the insufficiency of the confederation, July,
1782. Resolution of congress thereupon. General system of revenue proposed to
the states, April 18th, 1783. Address by the U. S. A. to the states on public affairs,
April 26th. Depreciation of the national credit at home and abroad. Letter of
Dr. Franklin upon. Of the French Minister. Washington on public affairs. The
necessity of a national sovereignty how regarded. Report on the system of gen-
eral revenue proposed by the congress, Feb. 1786. Its reception by the states. Its
defects. The Annapolis convention, Sept. 1786. How it originated. Report of its
proceedings. How received by the states and congress. The crisis of the union.
The proposed federal convention. Response of the states. Powers of delegates.
The proposed federal convention in congress. Proposition of New York. Of Mas-
sachusetts. The convention recommended by congress, Feb. 1787. Appointment
of delegates to by the states. Their powers. Provision by congress for the gov-
ernment of the territorial domain of the U. S. A., 1787. The ordinance. The fed-
eral convention at Philadelphia, May 14th, 1787. Organization of. Rules of.
Propositions submitted. Importance of the crisis. Complicities of the Conven-
tion. Sovereignty in the states. Debate upon. Abolition of the confederation.
Letter of Mr. E. Randolph upon. The convention at fault. Dr. Franklin's motion
for daily prayers. Report of the convention to congress. The constitution report-

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Introduc- unfortunately captured and plundered by pirates on his tion. voyage; and after his release was effected, before he

found himself in a condition to appear before the Columbus haughty sovereign of England, Columbus, discouraged to visit and disgusted at the treatment he was receiving at the England in court of Spain, indignantly resolved to visit Henry VII.

resolves

person

vented.

in person. Just as he had begun to carry this resolution into effect the final overthrow of the Moorish Dynasty, by the conquest of Granada, was announced, and How pre- gave a new aspect to the affairs of the kingdom of Ferdinand and Isabella. The triumph filled them with the proudest exultation, and produced a liberality of disposition which seemed ready to interest itself in almost any enterprise which might add the lustre of munificence to the glory of conquest.

Negotiations of

Two personal friends of Columbus, ALONZO DE QUINthe friends TANILLA, comptroller of the finances of CASTILE, and of Colum- LUIS DE ST. ANGEL, receiver of the ecclesiastical reveFerdinand nues in ARRAGON, availing themselves of the favorable

bus with

and Isabella.

Their ap

queen.

posture of affairs, came forward and presented the subject of his proposed enterprise in a well-devised address to the Queen.

While congratulating her on the auspicious triumph peal to the of her arms, they lauded the munificence with which she had hitherto patronized all great enterprises, and expressed their surprise at her indifference to a project "the most splendid that had ever been proposed to any sovereign." They discoursed upon the favorable terms upon which Columbus offered to embark in the adventure, upon his sincerity evinced by his willingness to hazard his own life and fortunes in prosecuting it; and represented, in his design to apply to England, the danger of losing irrevocably the benefits which might

result from the success of his schemes, and the glory * Winter- which would ensue to his patrons.* Then, finally, appealing to the well known piety of Isabella, they spoke of the pre-eminent honor she might win to herself and her kingdom forever, by thus extending the sway of

botham. Robert

son.

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