pulous consciences; but the right reverend prelates, being of another mind, pressed forwards, with undiminished zeal, in persecuting those whose consciences scrupled conformity.* Bishop Pilkington, of Durham, who was a most worthy exception, wrote an excellent letter on the same subject as Mr. Whittingham's, to the same noble personage.t Mr. Whittingham performed essential and important service to the government by opposing the popish rebellion in 1569. He was a man of excellent character, and of admirable abilities, which was well known at court; therefore, some time after his settlement at Durham, when Cecil was made Lord Treasurer, he was nominated to the office of Secretary of State; and if he had made interest with his noble friend, the Earl of Leicester, he might have obtained this high office; but he felt no anxiety for court-preferment. During the severities in the former part of Queen Elizabeth's reign, when good men were obliged to conform, or be deprived of their livings and ministry, Mr. Whittingham at first refused, then afterwards subscribed; || and, by the instigation of Archbishop Parker, he was cited before Archbishop Grindal, of York; but the specific cause of this citation does not appear. While the venerable Grindal lived, who, in his latter days, connived at the scrupulous nonconformists, Mr. Whittingham and his brethren, in the province of York, were not much interrupted; but after Dr. Sandys was made Archbishop, our divine was brought into troubles, from which death * Collier's Eccl. Hist. vol. i. p. 495. † Strype's Parker, Appen. p. 40. Hutchinson's Durham, vol. ii. p. 144. § Wood's Athenæ, vol. i. p. 153. || Strype's Grindal, p. 98. alone could deliver him. In the year 1577, the new Archbishop resolved to visit the whole of his province, and to begin with Durham, where Mr. Whittingham had obtained high reputation, but had been ordained according to the reformed church at Geneva, and not according to the English service-book. The accusations brought against him consisted of many articles, accompanied by numerous interrogatories; but the principal charge was his Geneva ordination. On his appearance before the Archbishop, he refused to answer the charge, but maintained the rights of the church of Durham, denying the Archbishop's power of visitation in that church, on which his Grace was pleased to excommunicate him. Mr. Whittingham then appealed to the Queen, who directed a commission to the Archbishop, the Earl of Huntingdon, lord president of the North, and Dr. Hutton, dean of York, to hear and determine the validity of his ordination, and to inquire into the other misdemeanors contained in his accusations. The Lord President was a zealous patron of the Puritans, and Dr. Hutton was of Mr. Whittingham's principles, and openly declared, "that Mr. Whittingham was ordained in a better sort than the Archbishop!" The commission, therefore, came to nothing.* For this notable instance of resistance, Mr. Whittingham was applauded by his enemies; but Archbishop Sandys was sorely vexed at his disappointment, especially at the Dean's calling in question his right of visitation; so he obtained another commission directed to himself, the Bishop of Durham, the Lord President, the Chancellor of the Diocese, and * Strype's Annals, vol. ii. pp. 481.519 some others, in whom he could trust, to visit the church of Durham; the chief design of which was to deprive Mr. Whittingham, as a mere layman. When he appeared before the commissioners, and it was affirmed that he was neither deacon, nor minister, according to the laws of this realm, but a mere layman, he confessed the former, but denied the latter, and said he was ordained in Queen Mary's time, at Geneva, according to the form there used, which he considered as one in effect and substance with the form then used in England, or allowed in the time of King Edward. In his opinion, these orders were as agreeable to the laws of this realm as any other form, until the eighth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He also produced a certificate under the hands of eight persons of respectability, stating the manner of his ordination in these words: -" It pleased God, by the suffrages of the whole congregation (at Geneva), orderly to choose Mr. W. Whittingham to the office of preaching the word and ministering the sacraments; and he was admitted minister, and so published, with such other ceremonies as are there used and accustomed."* It was then objected, that there was no mention made of bishops or superintendents, nor of any external solemnities, nor even of imposition of hands. Mr. Whittingham replied, that the testimonial specified, in general, the ceremonies of that church, and that he was able to prove his vocation to be the same as all other ministers at Geneva. Ibid. p. 170.- Strype's Parker, p. 326. --521. These proceedings greatly affected the reputation of the Archbishop at court; he, therefore wrote a letter to the Lord Treasurer, containing as good a character of * Strype's Annals, vol. ii. p. 522. these commotions as he was able to furnish. He said, "This Durham matter breedeth a great broil. The Dean hath gotten more friends, than the matter deserveth. The discredit of the church of Geneva is hotly alleged. Verily, my Lord, that church is not touched. For he hath not received his ministry in that church, or by any authority or order from that church. Neither was there any English church in Germany that attempted the like, neither needed they to have done, having among themselves sufficient ministers to supply them. But, if his ministry, without authority of God or man; without law, order, or example of any church, may be current, take heed to the consequence. Who seeth not what is intended? God deliver the church from it. I will never be guilty of it. Yet, I trust, I shall never swerve from the truth of God, nor shrink in matters of religion; but I shall ever dislike confusion."* We forbear making any comment on his Lordship's representations; and only observe, that the commission was adjourned, and never renewed; but Mr. Whittingham's case was immediately laid before the Lords of the Council, which induced the Archbishop to write his letter to the Treasurer; in the conclusion of which, he solicited his favourable attendance at the time of hearing. He wrote also to the council more at large on the same subject. To do justice, however, to this case, it will be necessary to observe, that the worthy Earl of Huntingdon, who was a party concerned, wrote also to the Treasurer, furnishing a correct statement of these occurrences. Having deliberately considered the matter, he said, it appeared to him of greater moment than some persons had represented; and, as to the manner of their proceedings, in his judgment, they stood in need of better advice than they would receive, unless they were admonished by higher authority. He then informed the Treasurer, that when the commissioners entered the Chapter-house, after the usual ceremonies, it was manifest to all present, that it was their purpose to deal with the Dean only, and with the rest at some other time. Against him there were thirty-five articles, and fortynine interrogatories, ready drawn in the hand of the promoter, to be put into the court; with which none of the commissioners ever were before acquainted. It was particularly urged, that he was not made minister according to the laws of this realm, but was a mere layman; and, accordingly to be deprived. His Lordship then adds, "If in other matters alleged against him, there be good cause of deprivation, I know not; but if that be the mark, as it is indeed, if the opinion of all be true, I wish it may be hit some other way, rather than by touching his ministry. I cannot in conscience agree to his deprivation for that cause alone. This would be ill taken by all the godly and learned, both at home and abroad, that we allow of popish massing priests in our ministry, and disallow of ministers made in a reformed church."* * Lansdowne's MSS. vol. xxviii. No. 68. The Archbishop's proceedings against our divine were considered as invidious; and they greatly diminished his reputation in town and country. His calling Mr. Whittingham's ordination in question, according to high authority, was contrary to the statute of 13 Eliz., by which "the ordination of the foreign reformed churches was made valid; and • Lansdowne's MSS. vol. xxvii. No. 6. those who had no other orders, were made of like capacity with others, to enjoy any place of ministry in England."* The Oxford historian applauds Mr. Whittingham for the good service he did for his country, not only against the popish rebels in the North, but also by repelling the Archbishop of York from visiting the church of Durham: yet he calls him a lukewarm conformist, an enemy to the habits and ceremonies, an active promoter of the Geneva doctrine and discipline; and he brings heavy accusations against him, calling them works of impiety. If we may believe this writer, Mr. Whittingham caused several stone coffins, belonging to the priors, and laid in the cathedral of Durham, to be taken up, and appointed them to be used as troughs for horses and swine, and their covers to pave his own house. He defaced all the brazen pictures and imagery work, and used the stones to build himself a washing-house. The two holy-water stones of fine marble, very artificially engraven, with hollow bosses, very curiously wrought, he took away, and employed them to steep beef and salt-fish in. He caused the image of St. Cuthbert, and other ancient monuments, to be defaced; nor would he endure any thing that appertained to a monastic life. far he was concerned in these occurrences, it is not in our power to ascertain; and how far his conduct was censurable for these things, we shall not attempt to determine: but the learned and venerable Grindal, when admitted to the archiepiscopal see of York, showed his "great zeal for the discipline and government of the Church," by commanding "all * Strype's Annals, vol. ii. p. 524. † Wood's Athensæ, vol. i. p. 154. How altars to be pulled down to the ground, and the altar-stones to be defaced, and bestowed to some common use!"* sinuations and censures, the subject of this memoir was a man of extraordinary talents, superior piety, firmly opposed to superstition, an excellent preacher, and an ornament to religion and learning. He died while the cause of his privation was pending, on June 10, 1579, in the sixty-fifth year of his age; and his remains were interred in Durham cathedral, where a monumental inscription was erected to his memory, of which the following is a translation. In Memory of the very learned William Whittingham, formerly Dean of Durham; who married Katherine, the sister of John Calvin, and died in the year 1579. No marble needs record the fame Of Whittingham's illustrious name, His pious life and tranquil death Mr. Whittingham was so conspicuous a character, and his principles so well known, that he could hardly escape the severe censures of those high-church writers, whose pens were dipped in gall; a few instances it may not be improper to mention, as breathing the spirit of the times. An author just cited stigmatizes him "the false and unworthy dean of Durham," who unwillingly submitted to the stroke of death.† Another writer affirms, that Mr. Whittingham, and the rest of his Geneva accomplices, urged all states to take arms, and reform religion by force, rather than suffer idolatry and superstition to remain in the land. A third styles him "the chief ringleader of the Frankfort schismatics, who encouraged Knox and Goodman to set up presbytery and sedition in the kirk of Scotland."§ And another affirms, that it was one of the natural consequences of his translation from Knox's pastorship at Geneva to an English deanery, that he destroyed or removed many of the foreign universities, was a in his cathedral; adding, "to a distinguished scholar, and an man, who had so highly spiritu- adept in the Hebrew language,t alized his religious conceptions, eminently skilful in music, and a as to be convinced, that a field, a zealous advocate of good singing beautiful and harmless monuments street, or a barn, were fully sufficient for all the operations of Christian worship, the venerable structures, raised by the magnificent piety of our ancestors, could convey no ideas of solemnity, and had no other charms than their ample endowments." || Notwithstanding all these in * Strype's Grindal, pp. 166, 167. † Wood's Athenæ, vol. i. p. 155. Bancroft's Positions, p. 62. § Heylin's Presby. p. 247. {| Warton's Poetry, vol. i. p. 168. England proclaims with every breath. In life, the public him revere; travelled to acquire the literature in the public worship of God. He * Hutchinson's Durham, vol. ii. p. 151. + Warton, vol. i. pp. 162. 167. Hutchinson's Durham, vol, ii. p. 144. and turned part of the Psalms of David into metre, which are still used in the Church of England. Those which he versified have W. W. prefixed to them, among which is Psalm cxix.; as may be seen in the Book of Commonprayer. The other persons concerned in versifying the Psalms, were Messrs. Thomas Sternhold, John Hopkins, William Kethe, Robert Wisdome, and Thomas Norton, all eminent in their day, and zealous in promoting the reformation of the Church of England. The parts which they performed have the initials of their names prefixed, as may be seen in the Prayer-book.* Wood, vol. i. pp. 62, 63. 153.-Strype's Annals, vol. ii. p. 102. An author already cited, affirms, that to innovate still farther on our established formulary, Mr. Whittingham also versified the Decalogue, the Nicene, the Apostolic, and Athanasian Creeds, the Lord's Prayer, the Te Deum, the Song of the Three Children, with other hymns which follow the book of Psalmody. All these were sung under his direction in the church of Durham; and it is added, that his design was to render that more tolerable which could not be entirely removed, to accommodate every part of the service to the Psalmodic tone, and to clothe the whole of the Liturgy in the garb of Geneva!* Tutbury. B. B. * Warton, vol. i. p. 168. ORIGINAL ESSAYS, COMMUNICATIONS, &c. ON THE INTELLECTUAL AND MISSIONARY CANDIDATES. The Prudential Committee of the American Board of Foreign Missions, have published the following Address to those who may become candidates for employment in the missionary work, and to their friends who may be called upon for advice and testimonials. Deeply impressed with a conviction of the vast importance of suitable agents in that department of Christian labour, and with the solemn responsibility of those who recommend candidates for that most difficult work, we have transcribed, with a few trifling omissions, the whole of the article, which we consider important in itself, and possessing increased value, as it records the independent and unbiassed judgment of a respectable body of Christians on a dis tant Continent, upon the grave subject of missionary qualifications. EDITORS. THE following remarks are submitted to the consideration of such readers, as contemplate entering upon a missionary life. It may fairly be assumed, that, among the younger members of evangeliN. S. No. 41. cal churches throughout our land, the number of such readers is by no means small; and, as the spirit of Christian benevolence rises, and the demand for missionary labor becomes more imperious, it may be expected that this number will be continually increasing. 1. Let those, who think of personally going forth to the heathen as heralds of divine mercy, sit down and deliberately count the cost. There is some danger lest, in the glow of youthful feeling, and under the stimulus of crowded assemblies, and eloquent addresses, and examples of liberality, the cause of missions should be regarded only in the light of a glorious and triumphant cause; and not as an arduous conflict, a long continued struggle, a controversy with principalities and powers, and spiritual wickedness in high places. But it is a different thing to spend one's strength among ignorant idolaters, or rude 2 H |