Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water

Front Cover

A small but growing number of municipalities are augmenting their drinking water supplies with highly treated wastewater. But some professionals in the field argue that only the purest sources should be used for drinking water.

Is potable reuse a viable application of reclaimed water? How can individual communities effectively evaluate potable reuse programs? How certain must "certain" be when it comes to drinking water safety? Issues in Potable Reuse provides the best available answers to these questions.

Useful to scientists yet accessible to concerned lay readers, this book defines important terms in the debate and provides data, analysis, and examples of the experience of municipalities from San Diego to Tampa. The committee explores in detail the two major types of contaminants:

Chemical contaminants. The committee discusses how to assess toxicity, reduce the input of contaminants, evaluate treatment options, manage the byproducts of disinfection and other issues.

Microbial contaminants, including newly emerging waterborne pathogens. The book covers methods of detection, health consequences, treatment, and more.

Issues in Potable Reuse reviews the results of six health effects studies at operational or proposed reuse projects. The committee discusses the utility of fish versus mammals in toxicology testing and covers issues in quality assurance.

 

Contents

Reclaiming Wastewater An Overview
14
SELECTION OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES
17
POTABLE REUSE AND CURRENT DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
18
TYPES OF WATER REUSE
20
HISTORY OF PLANNED POTABLE REUSE AND ITS MOTIVATION
25
OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT FEDERAL GUIDELINES AND STATE REGULATIONS
31
CONCLUSIONS
42
REFERENCES
43
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING HEALTH RISKS
145
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
154
REFERENCES
157
HealthEffect Studies of Reuse Systems
164
TOXICOLOGY STUDIES
165
EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES
173
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
189
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
201

Chemical Contaminants in Reuse Systems
45
RECOGNIZED CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
46
MANAGING CHEMICAL INPUTS TO REUSE SYSTEMS
50
MANAGING DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS IN REUSE SYSTEMS
53
MIXTURES OF UNIDENTIFIED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN RECLAIMED WATER
58
CONCLUSIONS
69
REFERENCES
71
Microbial Contaminants in Reuse Systems
74
OCCURRENCE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER
88
MICROBIAL DATA FROM WATER REUSE APPLICATIONS
93
CONCLUSIONS
108
RECOMMENDATIONS
109
REFERENCES
112
Methods for Assessing Health Risks of Reclaimed Water
118
EVALUATING THE RISK OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
135
REFERENCES
204
Reliability and Quality Assurance Issues for Reuse Systems
208
EVALUATING BARRIER INDEPENDENCE
210
USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BUFFERS IN REUSE SYSTEMS
211
CONSEQUENCEFREQUENCY ASSESSMENT
219
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MONITORING AND RESPONSE
222
REDUCING RISK FROM UNIDENTIFIED TRACE ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
227
PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
229
OPERATOR TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION
235
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
236
REFERENCES
238
Use of ConsequenceFrequency Assessment to Evaluate Performance of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility
241
Biographies of Committee Members and Staff
248
Index
253
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Page iv - New York CHARLES DD HOWARD, Charles Howard and Associates, Ltd., Victoria, British Columbia WILLIAM A. JURY, University of California, Riverside WILLIAM M. LEWIS, JR., University of Colorado, Boulder RICHARD G. LUTHY, Carnegie Mellon University,

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