great detachments; the government had no longer the vigour of the old committee, and the Revolution would have been in great jeopardy. Dispossessed twenty years earlier, its benefits would not have had time to consolidate themselves; unparalleled efforts, splendid victories, torrents of blood, would all have proved fruitless to France, or, at any rate, if it had not been given to a handful of fugitives to subject a brave nation to their yoke, they would have endangered its regeneration, and, as for themselves, they would not have ruined their cause without defending it, and they would have honoured their pretensions by their energy.

All the blame was thrown upon Puisaye and England by the restless spirits who composed the royalist party. Puisaye was, according to them, a traitor, who had sold himself to Pitt, with the intention of renewing the scenes of Toulon. It was nevertheless certain that Puisaye had done all that lay in his power. It was absurd to suppose that England did not wish to succeed; her very precautions in regard to Puisaye, the selection of d'Hervilly for the purpose of preventing the emigrant corps from being too much compromised, and lastly, the zeal with which Commodore Warren strove to save the unfortunate survivors in the peninsula, prove that, notwithstanding her selfish policy, she had not meditated the hideous and base crime which is attributed to her. Let justice be done to all, even to the implacable enemies of our Revolution and of our country.

Commodore Warren, having put the miserable wreck of the expedition on shore in the isle of Houat, waited there for fresh orders from London, and the arrival of Count d'Artois, who was on board the Lord Moira, to know what he was to do. Despair reigned in that little island. The emigrants and the Chouans, in the utmost distress, and attacked by a contagious disease, launched out into mutual recriminations, and bitterly accused Puisaye. Still deeper despair prevailed at Aurai and at Vannes, to which places the thousand emigrants taken in arms had been conveyed. Hoche, after conquering them, had hastened away from the painful sight and had gone in pursuit of Tinteniac's band, which was called the Red Army. The fate of the prisoners no longer concerned him: what could he do for them! The laws existed: he could not annul them. He referred the matter to the committee of public welfare and to Tallien. Tallien set out immediately, and arrived in Paris on the day preceding the anniversary of the 9th of Thermidor. On the morrow was to be held, according to the new fashion adopted, in the very bosom of the Assembly, a festival in commemoration of the fall of Robespierre. All the representatives attended in their appropriate costume; a numerous band played patriotic tunes; vocal performers sang hymns of Chenier's composition. Courtois read a report of the occurrences of the 9th of Thermidor. Tallien then read the report of the affair at Quiberon: his intention of procuring for himself a double triumph was apparent; the Assembly, nevertheless, applauded his services of that day twelvemonth and those which he had just rendered. His presence had been of benefit to Hoche. On the same day there was an entertainment at Tallien's, at which the principal Girondins met the Thermidorians. Louvet and Lanjuinais were present. Lanjuinais gave for a toast, "The 9th of Thermidor, and the courageous deputies who overthrew tyranny." Tallien gave, for a second, "The seventy-three, the twenty-two, the deputies, victims of terror." Louvet added these words, "And their close union with the men of the 9th of Thermidor."

They had great need, in fact, to unite and to join their efforts in opposing the adversaries of all kinds who had risen against the republic. Great was their joy, especially when they considered what danger they might have incurred, if the expedition in the West could have acted in concert with that prepared in the East by the Prince of Condé.

It was necessary to decide upon the fate of the prisoners. Many solicitations were addressed to the committees; but, in the present situation, to save them was impossible. The republicans asserted that the government intended to recall the emigrants, to restore their property to them, and consequently to restore royalty; the royalists, always presumptuous, maintained the same thing: they said that their friends governed, and the more they hoped the bolder they grew. To show the least indulgence on this occasion would have been verifying the apprehensions of the one and the silly hopes of the others. It would have been driving the republicans to despair, and encouraging the royalists to the most daring attempts. The committee of public welfare ordered the laws to be carried into effect, and assuredly there were now no Mountaineers in its bosom; but it felt the impossibility of doing otherwise. A commission, which met at Vannes, was directed to distinguish the prisoners enrolled against their will from the emigrants. The latter were shot. The soldiers allowed as many of them to escape as they could. Many brave men perished; but they had no right to complain of their fate, after they had carried war into their native land and been taken in arms. Had the republic been less threatened by foes of all sorts, and especially by their own accomplices, it might have pardoned them. Under existing circumstances, it could not do so. M. de Sombreuil, though a brave officer, gave way at the moment of death to an impulse unworthy of his courage. He wrote a letter to Commodore Warren, in which he accused Puisaye with all the vehemence of despair. He begged Hoche to transmit it to the commodore. Though it contained a false assertion, Hoche, complying with the request of a dying man, sent it to the commodore; but replied in a letter contradicting Sombreuil's assertion. "I was," said he, " at the head of Humbert's seven hundred grenadiers, and I declare that no capitulation was made." All his contemporaries who were acquainted with the character of the young general deemed him incapable of a lie. Eyewitnesses, moreover, confirmed his assertion. Sombreuil's letter was extremely injurious to the emigrants and to Puisaye, and it was considered so far from honourable to the memory of the writer that it was asserted to have been forged by the republicans an assertion every way worthy of the pitiful stories invented by the emigrants.

While the royalist party was suffering so severe a check at Quiberon, another was preparing for it in Spain. Moncey had once more entered Biscay, taken Bilboa and Vittoria, and was closely pressing Pampeluna. The favourite who governed the court, after having rejected an overture for peace, which the French government had made at the commencement of the campaign, but of which he had not been the channel, decided on negotiating, and sent the Chevalier d'Yriarte to Basle. Peace was signed at Basle with Barthelemy, the envoy of the republic, on the 24th of Messidor (July 12), at the very moment of the disasters at Quiberon. The conditions were, the restitution of all the conquests which France had made from Spain, and as an equivalent the cession of the Spanish part of St. Domingo. France made great concessions for a mere illusory advantage; for St. Domingo was no longer under the sway of any power; but these concessions were dictated by the wisest policy. France could not desire anything beyond the Pyrenees; she had no interest in weakening Spain; she ought, on the contrary, had it been possible, to have restored to that power the strength which she had lost in a conflict so detrimental to the interests of both nations.

That peace was hailed with the greatest joy by all who wished well to France and the republic. There was one more power detached from the coalition, a Bourbon who acknowledged the republic; and there were two disposable armies to send to the Alps, to the West, and upon the Rhine. The royalists were thunderstruck. The Paris agents, in particular, were apprehensive lest their intrigues should be divulged; they dreaded a communication of the letters which they had sent to Spain. England would there have seen all that they said of her; and though that power was loudly decried for the affair of Quiberon, yet she was now the only one that had money to give away: it was necessary therefore to keep on good terms with her, with the intention of cheating her, if it were possible.t

* It was chiefly at Tallien's instigation that the French government came to this severe determination. In his speech to the Convention, on his return from Quiberon, he addressed the members in the following exciting terms :-" The emigrants, that vile assemblage of ruffians sustained by Pitt, those execrable authors of all our disasters, have been driven into the waves by the brave soldiers of the republic; but the waves have thrown them back upon the sword of the law. In vain have they sent forward some flags of truce to obtain conditions; what legal bond can exist between us and rebels, if it be not that of vengeance and death?" E.

† The 5th volume of Puisaye contains evidence to this effect.

476

HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Another not less important success was that gained by the armies of Jourdan and Pichegru. After many delays, the passage of the Rhine was at length decided upon. The French and Austrian armies faced one another on the two banks of the river, from Basle to Düsseldorf. The defensive position of the Austrians upon the Rhine was an excellent one. The fortresses of Düsseldorf and Ehrenbreitstein covered their right; Mayence, Mannheim, and Philipsburg, covered their centre and their left: the Neckar and the Mayn, rising not far from the Danube and running in nearly a parallel direction towards the Rhine, formed two important lines of communication with the hereditary states, brought abundance of supplies, and covered the two flanks of the army that designed to act concentrically towards Mayence. The plan to be pursued in this field of battle was the same for the Austrians and the French: both in the opinion of a great captain and a celebrated critic-ought to have endeavoured to act concentrically between the Mayn and the Neckar. The French armies of Jourdan and Pichegru ought to have attempted to pass the Rhine towards Mayence, not far from one another, to join in the valley of the Mayn, to separate Clairfayt from Wurmser; and to ascend between the Neckar and the Mayn, striving to beat in turn the two Austrian generals. In like manner, the two Austrian generals ought to have endeavoured to concentrate themselves, in order to debouch by Mayence upon the left bank, and to fall upon Jourdan or Pichegru. If they had been anticipated, if the Rhine had been passed at one point, they ought to have concentrated themselves between the Neckar and the Mayn, to have prevented the two French armies from uniting, and to have seized some favourable moment to fall upon one or the other. The Austrian generals had all the advantage for taking the initiative, for they were in possession of Mayence, and could debouch on the left bank whenever they pleased.

The French took the initiative. After many delays, the Dutch craft having at length worked up as high as Düsseldorf, Jourdan prepared to cross the Rhine. On the 20th of Fructidor (September 6), he passed it at Eichelcamp, Düsseldorf, and Neuwied, by a very bold manœuvre; he advanced by the road from Düsseldorf to Frankfort, between the line of Prussian neutrality and the Rhine, and arrived on the Lahn on the fourth complementary day (September 20). At the same moment, Pichegru had orders to attempt the passage on the Upper Rhine, and to summon Mannheim. That flourishing city, threatened with a bombardment, surrendered, contrary to all expectation, on the fourth complementary day (September 20). From that moment all the advantages would be on the side of the French. It would behove Pichegru, based upon Mannheim, to collect his whole army there and to join that of Jourdan in the valley of the Mayn. They would then be able to separate the two Austrian generals, and to act concentrically between the Mayn and the Neckar. It was of especial importance to draw Jourdan from his position between the line of neutrality and the Rhine, for as his army had not the means of transport necessary for conveying its provisions along with it, and could not treat the country like that of an enemy, it was likely soon to be in want of necessaries if he did not march forward.

Thus at this moment everything was propitious to be republic. Peace with Spain, the destruction of the expedition sent by England to the coast of Bretagne, the passage of the Rhine, the offensive which had been carried on successfully in Germany-all these advantages she had at once. It was for her generals and her government to profit by so many fortunate events.

END OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

NEW BOOKS,

RECENTLY PUBLISHED

BY CAREY AND HART.

CONFESSIONS OF HARRY LORREQUER. 2 vols. 12mo.

Critical Notices.

"We would rather be the author of Harry Lorrequer, than of all the Pickwicks,' and

Nicklebys' in the world."-United Service Gazette.

"They entitle him in every respect to rank with the author of Pickwick."-Dundee Cour. "The hero's duel with Beamish is equal to anything in Barrington." - Perth Courier. "It is the history of a dashing subaltern officer, written in a vein of great humour and pleasantry, and interspersed with delightful anecdotes, told with much spirit."-Leeds Times.

"It is full of fun, frolic, adventure, wit, love-making, and all that can happen in the life of a gay Irishman. It is capitally written. In its style it is equal to Boz."-Bolton Chronicle.

"Harry Lorrequer is ever in the midst of noisy and rollicking fun."-Glasgow Chronicle. "His genius is essentially different from Boz-delighting in broad humour and exquisite description; and many a passage reminds us strongly of the most recherche in Smollett. His descriptions of Irish scenery are excellent, and he rivals Miss Edgeworth in her portrayal of Irish manners. But the gem of the sea' is not the only theatre of his life: he is equally delightful when abiding in other lands, and on all occasions exhibits himself as a scholar and a gentleman." Cambridge Chron.

Certainly one of the smartest and most entertaining productions of its class we have seen." Literary Gazette.

"What a happy fellow is this Harry Lorrequer-humorous and sprightly, while involved in difficulties that would make any philosopher fret himself into the grave."-Dundee Courier.

"This excellent publication goes on swimmingly." - Perthshire Advertiser.

"The increasing popularity of these inimitable Confessions, is the most pregnant proof to their humour, vigour, and originality."-Liverpool Standard.

"It is not easy to say what might have been the relative position of Lorrequer and Pickwick, had the former preceded instead of following Mr. Dicken's work. The author of Lorrequer is a person of equal buoyancy of spirits, of more extended observation, and not inferior in vigour of fancy and description. Some of his anecdotes are the richest that we have anywhere met with."-Birmingham Journal.

"We have read the work with as intense an interest as that which we ever gloated over any work of fiction. Nor is mere interest in the progress of the narrative the most powerful feeling: we have admired the talent-descriptive, pathetic, ludicrous, that marks every page of the story; meanwhile, we earnestly recommend the work to all lovers of the best works of fiction and imagination." Edinburgh Weekly Chronicle.

"We have read them with increasing zest, their freshness and vigour seeming, as they proceed, rather to improve than suffer any abatement." - Newry Examiner.

"This most amusing and

***

ng and exceedingly clever production goes on with unabated vigour be it written by an Irishman or an Englishman, it is, of its kind, the merriest, the smartest, and the most entertaining brochure of the day." -Glasgow Courier.

"It exhibits life, and, especially, Irish life, in many shapes, and sketches, with the breadth of Teniers, the truth of Wilkie, and the delicacy of Allan." -Aberdeen Constitutional. "It pictures to the mind's eye such laughable scenes as would throw even a stoic into a fit of merriment." - Halifax Guardian.

"Their success, if it prove equal to their merit, we must honestly say will be great, for we have never read anything more rich in amusement and fun-abounding more in wit and humour, and all sorts of entertaining and delightful adventures." - Perthshire Advertiser.

This is one of the most comical and clever publications that ever yet came in our way, not even excepting Pickwick, or Boz, or Nickleby, or any of that most prolific fraternity. It is so playful, so full of fun, so jovial and hearty, so replete with capital pictures of life and society a little exaggerated, but not too much to make them more than real, that we cannot recollect any greater enjoyment, as far as reading goes, than in the perusal of this work."Tyne Mercury.

A WORD TO WOMAN, LOVE OF THE WORLD,
AND OTHER GATHERINGS.

By Caroline Fry, author of the 'Listener.' 1 vol.12mo.

"This volume, from the pen of Caroline Fry, abounds with useful precepts, eloquent sketches, and religious reflections. Pa. Inquirer.

"The reputation which the writer has acquired in her previous works is well sustained in this, and though her opinions on some points differ from those which pass current at this day, yet her counsel to those whom she addresses, is worthy of careful perusal and atten

tion." North American.

"The present volume is worthy of the author. It is, on the whole, an admirable book, which should be carefully read by every mother and every daughter too. Her notions of the proper sphere and duties of women are too old-fashioned for the disciples of Harriet Martineau and Mary Wolstonecraft, but they are not the less sound and sensible for all that. It is a capital book." -N. Y. Com. Adv.

"The subjects embraced in this volume are of a striking and interesting character, suited to the every day occasions of life, and they convey many excellent practical lesson respecting manners, opinions, and conduct. The articles on Female Education, and on the Times, admirably calculated to arrest the attention, and lead to profitable resuls." Weekly Mes.

PERICLES AND ASPASIA.

By Walter Savage Landor.

2 vols., printed on fine paper.

"A very delightful volume for the admirers of classic literature, times, and men, is offered in Mr. Landor's new work, Pericles and Aspasia.' This production, which has just been issued in an elegant form by Messrs. Carey and Hart, is made up of imaginary letters, chiefly between Aspasia and her friend Cleone. They treat of the greatest men of a great era of Grecian history, and thus we have disquisitions on the writings and actions of pretended contemporaries, written with eminent grace, depth and originality. It contains several 'orations of Pericles,' as well as exquisite verses in a Grecian vein of thought and expression. Mr. Landor's book is at once useful and charming to the classic student."-National Gazette. "NEW BOOKS. We have this week to acknowledge our indebtedness to our excellent friends, Messrs. Carey and Hart, for their splendid edition of Walter Savage Landor's • Pericles and Aspasia.' This celebrated work appears in a befitting garb. It is beautifully executed, and would do credit to the English press. It must be eagerly sought for by those lovers of literature in our country who have not seen the original edition, and whose curiosity has been excited by the extracts which have been published in the British reviews and magazines. Pericles and Aspasia' will be ranked among the classics of the language, and, as one of these, entitled to a conspicuous position in well selected libraries. Many thanks are due to the enterprising publishers by whom it has thus been laid before American